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Polymerization, an anabolic pathway used to build macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides, uses condensation reactions to join monomers. [4] Macromolecules are created from smaller molecules using enzymes and cofactors. Use of ATP to drive the endergonic process of anabolism.
While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). The reactions of the pathway were elucidated in the early 1950s by Bernard Horecker and co-workers. [2] [3] There are two distinct phases in the pathway.
Metabolism (/ m ə ˈ t æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the ...
Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM is produced and consumed in the liver. [1] More than 40 methyl transfers from SAM are known, to various substrates such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and secondary metabolites. It is made from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase.
The process of bind an amino acid to a tRNA is known as tRNA charging. Here, the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase catalyzes two reactions. In the first one, it attaches an AMP molecule (cleaved from ATP) to the amino acid. The second reaction cleaves the aminoacyl-AMP producing the energy to join the amino acid to the tRNA molecule. [14]
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), [5] also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene. [6] [7] [8] mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein ...
Anabolic steroids, ... Clinical trials on humans, involving either PO doses of methyltestosterone or injections of testosterone propionate, began as early as 1937. [208]
The anabolic effects are important in both males and females, although females have lower circulating levels of androgens. The physiologically most important androgens are testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which are considered classical androgens because their role in human health was discovered in 1930s. [1]