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On the contrary, leptin expression was increased, proposing the possibility of leptin-resistance in human obesity. [3] Since this discovery, many other hormonal mechanisms have been elucidated that participate in the regulation of appetite and food intake, storage patterns of adipose tissue , and development of insulin resistance .
Unfortunately, clinical studies using leptin as a treatment for obesity in humans failed to show improvement, leading some scientists to conclude that the brain can become resistant to leptin, even at supra-physiological levels (the so-called "ceiling effect"), rendering treatment with leptin ineffective.
Leptin receptors are expressed not only in the hypothalamus but also in other brain regions, particularly in the hippocampus. Thus some leptin receptors in the brain are classified as central (hypothalamic) and some as peripheral (non-hypothalamic). As scientifically known so far, the general effects of leptin in the central nervous system are:
As of 2016, 1.9 billion adults (aged 18 years or older) were classified as being overweight, and within these adults, 650 million were classified as obese. [6] This translates to 39% of adults (39% of men and 40% of women) being overweight and 13% of the adult population worldwide (11% of men and 15% of women) being obese in 2016.
The diagnosis is a clinical one, usually established by an experienced endocrinologist.Using a skinfold caliper to measure skinfold thickness in various parts of the body or a total body composition scan using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry may also help identify the subtype.
Leptin is a hormone produced from the ob gene and adipocytes. [24] Its physiological role is to regulate hunger by alerting the body when it is full. [25] Studies show that lack of leptin causes severe obesity and is strongly linked with insulin resistance. [26]
Because many of the symptoms overlap with those of organic hypothalamic, pituitary, or gonadal disease and therefore must be ruled out, FHA is a diagnosis of exclusion; [1] [4] [5] [6] In this case "functional" is used to indicate a behavioral cause, in which no anatomical or organic disease is identified, and is reversible with correction of ...
Hypothalamic obesity (abbreviated HO or HyOb) is a rare condition that can be congenital or acquired. Congenital causes include Prader-Willi syndrome and mutations of LEP ( leptin gene), LEPR , POMC , MC4R , and CART .
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