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Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH.
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. [1] Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical ...
The receipt uses a ratio of 10:2 (assuming anhydrous Na2HPO4) of Na2HPO4 to KH2PO4 - equal amounts of them should result in a solution with pH=pKa=7.2 - the 10:2 ratio ensures that the resulting solution is basic (pH 8 to 9) - so that the pH can indeed be adjusted with _HCl_ to 7.4.
The ocean contains a natural buffer system to maintain a pH between 8.1 and 8.3. [11] The oceans buffer system is known as the carbonate buffer system. [ 12 ] The carbonate buffer system is a series of reactions that uses carbonate as a buffer to convert C O 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}} } into bicarbonate . [ 12 ]
Intracellular pH is typically lower than extracellular pH due to lower concentrations of HCO 3 −. [9] A rise of extracellular (e.g., serum) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) above 45 mmHg leads to formation of carbonic acid, which causes a decrease of pH i as it dissociates: [10]
The following table presents pK a values at 20 °C. Values change by about 0.01 per degree of temperature. [1] [3] Good's original 1966 paper had two older buffers (marked with italics) for comparison.
This does not affect the ocean's alkalinity [14]: 2252 but it does result in a reduction in pH value (called ocean acidification). [15] Ocean alkalinity enhancement has been proposed as one option to add alkalinity to the ocean and therefore buffer against pH changes. [16]: 181
Britton and Robinson also proposed a second formulation that gave an essentially linear pH response to added alkali from pH 2.5 to pH 9.2 (and buffers to pH 12). This mixture consists of 0.0286 M citric acid , 0.0286 M monopotassium phosphate , 0.0286 M boric acid, 0.0286 M veronal and 0.0286 M hydrochloric acid titrated with 0.2 M sodium ...