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Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the ...
The Pashtuns of Afghanistan attained complete independence from British political intervention during the reign of Amanullah Khan, following the Third Anglo-Afghan War. By the 1950s a popular call for Pashtunistan began to be heard in Afghanistan and the new state of Pakistan.
The Pashtun people are classified as an Iranian ethnic group.They are indigenous to southern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. [1] [2] Although a number of theories attempting to explain their ethnogenesis have been put forward, the exact origin of the Pashtun tribes is acknowledged as being obscure. [3]
Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان, lit. 'land of the Pashtuns') [4] or Pakhtunistan is a historical region on the crossroads of Central and South Asia, located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the Pashtun people of southern and eastern Afghanistan [5] and northwestern Pakistan, [6] [7] wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto language, and identity have been based.
Between the 1910s and the 1940s, many ethnic Pashtun herders settled in Afghan Turkestan. [1] From the 1930s to the 1970s, after the ethnically Tajik Habibullāh Kalakāni attempted and failed to seize power in Afghanistan during the 1928–1929 civil war, ethnic Uzbeks and ethnic Tajiks lost hundreds of thousands of acres of pasture and cultivated land in northern Afghanistan. [1]
According to some books written on the history of the Pashtuns, it is either unclear or controversial. [7] The Karlani confederacy Ormur Baraki, who became the progenitor of the Karlani. [8]: 33 There are several levels of the Pashtun tribal organization. The "tribe" is subdivided into kinship groups, each of which is a khel and zai.
A Pashtun must defend the weak around him. [24] Manhood or chivalry (Pashto: مېړانه, romanized: meṛā́na). [25] A Pashtun must demonstrate courage. A turban is considered a symbol of chivalry. [citation needed] Country (Pashto: هېواد, romanized: hewā́d). A Pashtun is obliged to protect the land of the Pashtuns and the ...
Pashtuns are traditionally organised into tribal divisions, and their society is defined by the Pashtunwali, the traditional code by which they live. It is extremely important in the social structure and interactions of the Pashtun tribes .