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A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, [1] [2] is a device that stores energy in an electric battery by running current through it. The charging protocol—how much voltage , amperes, current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged.
The actual voltage, matching the car battery's voltage, will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engine and the alternator/generator are operating (more when cold), and may briefly drop as low as 5–6 volts during engine start due to the high temporary battery current usage. [12]
A battery eliminator is an adapter intended to allow a device intended for battery operation, such as a radio, to be operated from an AC outlet. [10] All radios, except crystal sets, used inconvenient and messy vacuum tube batteries until the mid- to late-1920s. Battery eliminators that plugged into light sockets became very popular. [11]
The polarity for 12 V DC sockets is center pin positive (+), outer collar negative (−). Reversed polarity will damage some electronic devices. Although the nominal voltage of a 12 V lead acid battery is 12 V DC, when the engine is running the car's battery charging system will bring the system voltage to 13.8 V DC or higher. [10]
As a result of this current, the battery absorbs a charge and its voltage rises. The charger limits the maximum voltage to U max, a constant or temperature-dependent maximum, typically around 2.4 V per cell. Once the U max voltage is reached, typically when the battery is charged to 70–80% of its capacity, [1] the charger enters the Uo-phase ...
The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. The voltage of the source must be higher than that of the battery to force current to flow into it, but not too much higher or the battery may be damaged.