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ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P i). ATP synthase is a molecular machine. The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is: ADP + P i + 2H + out ⇌ ATP + H 2 O + 2H + in
The formation of ATP is energetically unfavorable and would not normally proceed. In order to drive this reaction forward, ATP synthase couples ATP synthesis to an electrochemical gradient that drives rotational motor mechanism allowing for ATP production. Because of its rotating subunit, ATP synthase is a molecular machine.
Both the structure of ATP synthase and its underlying gene are remarkably similar in all known forms of life. ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, usually in the form of a proton gradient. In all living organisms, a series of redox reactions is used to produce a transmembrane electrochemical potential ...
ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H +. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH − or symport with H +) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H + / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H +.
This image is a derivative work of the following images: File: ... ATP synthase; Abiogenesis; Adenosine diphosphate; Electron transport chain; Ion transporter;
Mechanism of ATP synthase. ATP is shown in red, ADP and phosphate in pink and the rotating γ subunit in black. This ATP synthesis reaction is called the binding change mechanism and involves the active site of a β subunit cycling between three states. [77] In the "open" state, ADP and phosphate enter the active site (shown in brown in the ...
F-type ATPase; ("F" related to factor), including: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase1 This picture represents antiport. The yellow triangle shows the concentration gradient for the yellow circles while the blue triangle shows the concentration gradient for the blue circles and the purple rods are the transport protein bundle.
ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP by chemiosmosis. It allows protons to pass through the membrane and uses the free energy difference to convert phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP. The ATP synthase contains two parts: CF0 (present in thylakoid membrane) and CF1 (protrudes on the outer surface of thylakoid membrane).