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[2] According to Gibson, the term criminology was most likely coined in 1885 by Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as Criminologia . [2] In the late 19th century, French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the analogous French term Criminologie . [3] Criminology grew substantially as a discipline in the first quarter of the twentieth century.
He was a student of Cesare Lombroso, often regarded as the father of criminology. He rejected the doctrine of free will (which was the main tenet of the Classical School ) and supported the position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientific methods.
Paul Topinard. Paul Topinard (4 November 1830, L'Isle-Adam Parmain, Val-d'Oise – 20 December 1911) [1] [2] was a French physician and anthropologist who was a student of Paul Broca and whose views influenced the methodology adopted by Herbert Hope Risley in his ethnographic surveys of the people of India. [3]
Cesare Lombroso (/ l ɒ m ˈ b r oʊ s oʊ / lom-BROH-soh, [1] [2] US also / l ɔː m ˈ-/ lawm-; [3] Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare lomˈbroːzo, ˈtʃɛː-,-oːso]; born Ezechia Marco Lombroso; 6 November 1835 – 19 October 1909) was an Italian eugenicist, criminologist, phrenologist, physician, and founder of the Italian school of criminology.
The Italian school of criminology was founded at the end of the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) and two of his Italian disciples, Enrico Ferri (1856–1929) and Raffaele Garofalo (1851–1934).
The Positivist School was founded by Cesare Lombroso and led by two others: Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo.In criminology, it has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior.
Relazione sui discorsi inaugurali dei rappresentanti il pubblico ministero negli anni 1884 e 1885 (in Italian). Roma: Tip. Fratelli Bencini. 1886. Socialismo e scienza positiva, 1894. The Positive School of Criminology: Three Lectures Given at the University of Naples, Italy, on April 22, 23, and 24, 1901. C.H. Kerr. 1906. p. 8.
One of Jacobs' first publications that used Galton's composite imagery was "The Jewish Type, and Galton's Composite Photographs", Photographic News, 29, (24 April 1885): 268–269. Galton hoped his technique would aid medical diagnosis, and even criminology through the identification of typical criminal faces.