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  2. Improper integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improper_integral

    In mathematical analysis, an improper integral is an extension of the notion of a definite integral to cases that violate the usual assumptions for that kind of integral. [1] In the context of Riemann integrals (or, equivalently, Darboux integrals), this typically involves unboundedness, either of the set over which the integral is taken or of ...

  3. Multiple integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_integral

    In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z). Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in (the real-number plane) are called double integrals, and integrals of a function of three variables over a region ...

  4. Fubini's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini's_theorem

    Fubini's theorem. In mathematical analysis, Fubini's theorem characterizes the conditions under which it is possible to compute a double integral by using an iterated integral. It was introduced by Guido Fubini in 1907. The theorem states that if a function is Lebesgue integrable on a rectangle , then one can evaluate the double integral as an ...

  5. Tangent half-angle substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_half-angle...

    t. e. In integral calculus, the tangent half-angle substitution is a change of variables used for evaluating integrals, which converts a rational function of trigonometric functions of into an ordinary rational function of by setting . This is the one-dimensional stereographic projection of the unit circle parametrized by angle measure onto the ...

  6. Cauchy principal value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_principal_value

    Cauchy principal value. In mathematics, the Cauchy principal value, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined. In this method, a singularity on an integral interval is avoided by limiting the integral interval to the non singular domain.

  7. Direct comparison test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_comparison_test

    t. e. In mathematics, the comparison test, sometimes called the direct comparison test to distinguish it from similar related tests (especially the limit comparison test), provides a way of deducing whether an infinite series or an improper integral converges or diverges by comparing the series or integral to one whose convergence properties ...

  8. Integration by reduction formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_reduction...

    e. In integral calculus, integration by reduction formulae is a method relying on recurrence relations. It is used when an expression containing an integer parameter, usually in the form of powers of elementary functions, or products of transcendental functions and polynomials of arbitrary degree, can't be integrated directly.

  9. Order of integration (calculus) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_integration...

    The integral can be reduced to a single integration by reversing the order of integration as shown in the right panel of the figure. To accomplish this interchange of variables, the strip of width dy is first integrated from the line x = y to the limit x = z , and then the result is integrated from y = a to y = z , resulting in: