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Anal cancer is a cancer which arises from the anus, the distal opening of the gastrointestinal tract. [1] Symptoms may include bleeding from the anus or a lump near the anus. [ 1 ] Other symptoms may include pain, itchiness, or discharge from the anus. [ 1 ]
Symptoms of hypercalcaemia include increased drinking and urination, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinomas also have a tendency to metastasize to the regional lymph nodes, spleen, and eventually lungs and, less commonly, bones. [5]
Anal cancer may be a cause of constipation or tenesmus, or may be felt as a palpable mass, although it may occasionally present as an ulcerative form. [15]: 580 Anal cancer is investigated by biopsy and may be treated by surgery and radiotherapy, or with external beam radiotherapy and adjunctive chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate with ...
A 2024 systematic review of the literature found that chemoradiation with 5-FU and mitomycin C, as used in the Nigro Protocol, improves outcomes like colostomy-free survival in anal cancer patients compared to alternatives like cisplatin. However, it can lead to more severe side effects, especially blood-related toxicity. [7]
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The risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among HIV-positive individuals who were coinfected with high-risk HPV, and 80 times higher for particularly HIV-positive men who have sex with men. [65] Anal Pap smear screening for anal cancer might benefit some subpopulations of men or women engaging in anal sex. [66]
Ensure women are aware of their cancer profile early. "All women should know their cancer risk profile by the age of 30," Litvack says. "We all need to be in control of our own health, having the ...
An anal Pap smear is the anal counterpart of the cervical Pap smear. [1] It is used for the early detection of anal cancer . Some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause anal cancer. [ 2 ]