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In the management of Parkinson's disease, due to the chronic nature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a broad-based program is needed that includes patient and family education, support-group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition. At present, no cure for the disease is known, but medications or surgery can provide relief ...
Parkinson's typically manifests in individuals over 60, with about one percent affected. In those younger than 50, it is termed "early-onset PD". No cure for Parkinson's is known, and treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms. Initial treatment typically includes L-DOPA, MAO-B inhibitors, or dopamine agonists.
Parkinson's disease patient showing a typical flexed walking posture in advanced stage. Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied. Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms. [1] Non-motor symptoms, which include dysautonomia, cognitive and neurobehavioral problems, and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also ...
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the four motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease: tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Parkinsonism gait problems can lead to falls and serious physical injuries. Other common symptoms include:
Unlike many effects of stroke, where the clinician is able to judge the particular area of the brain that a stroke has injured by certain signs or symptoms, the causation of apraxia is less clear. A common theory is that the part of the brain that contains information for previously learned skilled motor activities has been either lost or ...
Parkinson-plus syndromes are usually more rapidly progressive and less likely to respond to antiparkinsonian medication than PD. [10] [11] However, the additional features of the diseases may respond to medications not used in PD. [citation needed] Current therapy for Parkinson-plus syndromes is centered around a multidisciplinary treatment of ...
The muscle rigidity, tremor at rest, and slowness in initiation and execution of movement that are the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are attributed to a reduction in dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia motor areas, particularly the putamen, due to gradually reduced innervation from the pars compacta of substantia nigra. [6]
[10] [11] [4] [6] [12] In early stages of PD, non-motor symptoms occur prior to the onset of motor symptoms, contributing to a delay in PD diagnosis and even misdiagnosis in up to 15% of cases. [5] [6] By the time motor symptoms appear and treatment is initiated, there is already over 50% dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra.