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Peripheral veinous disease, on the other hand, refers to problems with veins—the vessels that bring the blood back to the heart. [18] The classic symptom is leg pain when walking, which resolves with rest and is known as intermittent claudication. [2]
(Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow and of the laws that govern the circulation of blood in the blood vessels.) [5] It follows that the examiner's knowledge of venous hemodynamics is crucial, which can be a real barrier to a radiologist, untrained in this field, who might wish to carry out these examinations.
Previous damage to leg; Blood clot; Smoking; Swelling and inflammation of a vein close to the skin; Congestive heart failure. [3] Long periods of immobility that can be encountered from driving, [4] flying, bed rest/hospitalization, or having an orthopedic cast.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
[14] [27] Leg compartment syndrome occurs in 1% to 10% of tibial fractures. [6] It is strongly linked to tibial diaphysis fractures and other tibial injuries. [28] Direct injury to blood vessels can reduce blood flow to soft tissues, causing compartment syndrome. [26] Compartment syndrome can also be caused by: intravenous drug injection; casts
How a varicose vein forms in a leg. Figure A shows a normal vein with a working valve and normal blood flow. Figure B shows a varicose vein with a deformed valve, abnormal blood flow, and thin, stretched walls. The middle image shows where varicose veins might appear in a leg. Comparison of healthy and varicose veins
These findings include a "corkscrew" appearance of arteries that result from vascular damage, particularly the arteries in the region of the wrists and ankles. Collateral circulation gives "tree root" or "spider leg" appearance. [1] Angiograms may also show occlusions (blockages) or stenosis (narrowings) in multiple areas of both the arms and legs.
Acute limb ischemia may also be caused by traumatic disruption of blood flow to a limb, which may present with either hard signs or soft signs of vascular injury. [15] Hard signs include pulsatile bleeding, expanding hematomas (collections of blood), or absent distal pulses, and must be taken to surgery emergently.