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Four-point measurement of resistance between voltage sense connections 2 and 3. Current is supplied via force connections 1 and 4. In electrical engineering, four-terminal sensing (4T sensing), 4-wire sensing, or 4-point probes method is an electrical impedance measuring technique that uses separate pairs of current-carrying and voltage-sensing electrodes to make more accurate measurements ...
The operation of the Kelvin bridge is very similar to the Wheatstone bridge, but uses two additional resistors. Resistors R 1 and R 2 are connected to the outside potential terminals of the four terminal known or standard resistor R s and the unknown resistor R x (identified as P 1 and P′ 1 in the diagram).
Because contact resistance is usually comparatively small, it can be difficult to measure, and four-terminal measurement gives better results than a simple two-terminal measurement made with an ohmmeter. In a two-terminal measurement (as with a typical ohmmeter), the current used to make the measurement is injected through the measurement leads ...
An analog ohmmeter. An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance (the opposition offered by a circuit or component to the flow of electric current). Multimeters also function as ohmmeters when in resistance-measuring mode. An ohmmeter applies current to the circuit or component whose resistance is to be measured.
Example: A 3-unit long by 1-unit wide (aspect ratio = 3) sheet made of material having a sheet resistance of 21 Ω/sq would measure 63 Ω (since it is composed of three 1-unit by 1-unit squares), if the 1-unit edges were attached to an ohmmeter that made contact entirely over each edge.
In particular, for networks which contain only two-terminal devices, circuit topology can be viewed as an application of graph theory. In a network analysis of such a circuit from a topological point of view, the network nodes are the vertices of graph theory, and the network branches are the edges of graph theory.
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Wheatstone bridge circuit diagram.The unknown resistance R x is to be measured; resistances R 1, R 2 and R 3 are known, where R 2 is adjustable. When the measured voltage V G is 0, both legs have equal voltage ratios: R 2 /R 1 = R x /R 3 and R x = R 3 R 2 /R 1.