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Facial synkinesis is a common sequela to Idiopathic Facial Nerve Paralysis, also called Bell's Palsy or Facial Palsy. [2] Bell's Palsy, which is thought to occur due to a viral reactivation which can lead (through unknown mechanisms) to diffuse axon demyelination and degeneration of the seventh cranial nerve, results in a hemifacial paralysis due to non-functionality of the nerve.
Marcus Gunn phenomenon is an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance, in which nursing infants will have rhythmic upward jerking of their upper eyelid.This condition is characterized as a synkinesis: when two or more muscles that are independently innervated have either simultaneous or coordinated movements.
The central pattern generator (CPG) from the model is simulated as a network of spinal neurons that controls the basic locomotor output. [8] An effective locomotion of the model must involve a flexible coordination of spinal cord neuronal networks, thus allowing various gait patterns and independent use of the limbs.
Lower limb. Foot. Cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs is the nerve supply to areas of the skin of the lower limbs (including the feet) which are supplied by specific cutaneous nerves. Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves, but there are minor variations in some of the details.
The limb is organized into three regions: stylopod, zeugopod, and autopod (in order from proximal to distal). The zeugopod and the autopod contain a number of periodic and quasi-periodic pattern motifs. The zeugopod consists of two parallel elements along the anteroposterior axis and the autopod contains three to five (in most cases) elements ...
The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis. Limb bud is undifferentiated mesenchyme enclosed by an ectoderm covering. Eventually, the limb bud develops into bones, tendons, muscles and joints.
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of animals, including humans.The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position.
The cerebellum is thought to receive sensory information (e.g. visual, vestibular) about actual stepping patterns as they occur and compare them to the intended stepping pattern. When there is a discrepancy between these two signals, the cerebellum determines the appropriate correction and relays this information to the brainstem and motor cortex.