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RNA polymerase (purple) unwinding the DNA double helix. It uses one strand (darker orange) as a template to create the single-stranded messenger RNA (green). In molecular biology , RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol ), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase ( DdRP ), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions ...
Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. In virology, the term transcription is used when referring to mRNA synthesis from a viral RNA ...
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 – an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLR2A gene and in yeast is encoded by RPO21. RPB1 is the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. It contains a carboxy terminal domain (CTD) composed of up to 52 heptapeptide repeats (YSPTSPS) that are essential for polymerase activity. [13]
Without the need of a primer, RNA polymerase can initiate the synthesis of a new RNA chain using the template DNA strand to guide ribonucleotide selection and polymerization chemistry. [1] However, many of the initiated syntheses are aborted before the transcripts reach a significant length (~10 nucleotides).
The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity, while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments. RNase removes the primer RNA fragments, and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps ...
This allows the RNA polymerase to bind to the mal promoter (#3). Transcription of malE, malF, and malG genes then proceeds (#4) as maltose activator protein and RNA polymerase moves down the DNA. [1] malE encodes for maltose-binding periplasmic protein and helps maltose transport across the cell membrane.
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It consists of RNA polymerase II , a subset of general transcription factors , and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins [ clarification needed ] .
A highly evolved [vague] RNA polymerase ribozyme was able to function as a reverse transcriptase, that is, it can synthesize a DNA copy using an RNA template. [36] Such an activity is considered [by whom?] to have been crucial for the transition from RNA to DNA genomes during the early history of life on earth. Reverse transcription capability ...