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The method is an extension of the Newmark's direct integration method originally proposed by Nathan M. Newmark in 1943. It was applied to the sliding block problem in a lecture delivered by him in 1965 in the British Geotechnical Association's 5th Rankine Lecture in London and published later in the Association's scientific journal Geotechnique. [1]
The resultant interslice force is either parallel to the ground surface or equal to the average slope from the beginning to the end of the slip surface.. Lowe and Karafiath [26] The direction of the resultant interslice force is equal to the average of the ground surface and the slope of the base of each slice. Sarma [20]
Slope stability refers to the condition of inclined soil or rock slopes to withstand or undergo movement; the opposite condition is called slope instability or slope failure. The stability condition of slopes is a subject of study and research in soil mechanics , geotechnical engineering , and engineering geology .
An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...
Geotechnical engineers can analyze and improve slope stability using engineering methods. Slope stability is determined by the balance of shear stress and shear strength. A previously stable slope may be initially affected by various factors, making it unstable.
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
A pediment, also known as a concave slope or waning slope, [1] is a very gently sloping (0.5°–7°) inclined bedrock surface. [2] It is typically a concave surface sloping down from the base of a steeper retreating desert cliff , escarpment , [ 3 ] or surrounding a monadnock or inselberg , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] but may persist after the higher terrain ...
Sloping ground and ground next to rivers and lakes may slide on a liquefied soil layer (termed 'lateral spreading'), [22] opening large ground fissures, and can cause significant damage to buildings, bridges, roads and services such as water, natural gas, sewerage, power and telecommunications installed in the affected ground.