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Run-length encoding (RLE) is a form of lossless data compression in which runs of data (consecutive occurrences of the same data value) are stored as a single occurrence of that data value and a count of its consecutive occurrences, rather than as the original run. As an imaginary example of the concept, when encoding an image built up from ...
The Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT, also called block-sorting compression) rearranges a character string into runs of similar characters. This is useful for compression, since it tends to be easy to compress a string that has runs of repeated characters by techniques such as move-to-front transform and run-length encoding.
At 10 Gigabits per second, the expected event rate of a 66-bit block with a 65-bit run-length, assuming random data, is 66×2 64 ÷10 10 ÷2 seconds, or about once every 1900 years. The run length statistics may get worse if the data consists of specifically chosen patterns, instead of being random.
Generally run length is the number of bits for which signal remains unchanged. A run length of 3 for bit 1, represents a sequence 111. For instance, the pattern of magnetic polarizations on the disk might be +−−−−++−−−+++++, with runs of length 1, 4, 2, 3, and 6.
The run test is based on the null hypothesis that each element in the sequence is independently drawn from the same distribution. Under the null hypothesis, the number of runs in a sequence of N elements [ note 1 ] is a random variable whose conditional distribution given the observation of N + positive values [ note 2 ] and N − negative ...
The first 1 of the sequence generates a run of "1", i.e. itself; the first 2 generates a run of "22", which includes itself; the second 2 generates a run of "11"; and so on. Each number in the sequence is the length of the next run to be generated, and the element to be generated alternates between 1 and 2:
EDSAC—Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator; ... RLE—Run-Length Encoding; RLL—Run-Length Limited; rmdir—remove directory; RMI—Remote Method Invocation;
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with Windows 1.0. [5]In Windows 3.0, a scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, statistical functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.