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In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases in humans are the direct result of dog bites. [11] In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. [1] [11] Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. [11]
C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. [1] It is an obligate anaerobe, the organism survives in an environment that lacks oxygen.However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. [7]
The incubation period of tetanus may be up to several months but is usually about ten days. [12] [13] In general, the farther the injury site is from the central nervous system, the longer the incubation period. However, shorter incubation periods will have more severe symptoms. [14]
This is the extrinsic incubation period of that parasite. If a female mosquito does not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period, then she will not be able to transmit any malaria parasites. [citation needed] But if a mosquito successfully transfers the parasite to a human body via a bite, the parasite starts developing.
Clostridium: C. botulinum: Spores from soil, [33] [48] persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honey [48] Botulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis [48] Antitoxin [33] [48] Penicillin [48] Hyperbaric oxygen [48] Mechanical ventilation [48] Proper food preservation techniques C. difficile: Gut flora, [33] [48] overgrowing when other flora ...
Endotoxins most commonly refer to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) that are in the outer plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The botulinum toxin, which is primarily produced by Clostridium botulinum and less frequently by other Clostridium species, is the most toxic substance known in the world. [1]
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. [1] An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection.
3D still showing rabies virus structure. Rhabdoviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. They are characterized by an extremely broad host spectrum ranging from plants [citation needed] to insects [citation needed] and mammals; human-infecting viruses more commonly have icosahedral symmetry and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.