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  2. Phases of clinical research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research

    Phase III trials for dermatology may cost as low as $11 million, whereas a pain or anesthesia Phase III trial may cost as much as $53 million. [30] An analysis of Phase III pivotal trials leading to 59 drug approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration over 2015–16 showed that the median cost was $19 million, but some trials involving ...

  3. Dose-ranging study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dose-ranging_study

    The main goal of a dose-ranging study is to estimate the response vs. dose given, so as to analyze the efficacy and safety of the drug. Although such a response will nevertheless be available from phase III or phase IV trials, it is important to carry out dose-ranging studies in the earlier phase I or phase II stages. There are advantages to ...

  4. Pivotal trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivotal_trial

    In drug research, a pivotal Phase III trial may be referred to as a "therapeutic confirmatory study", [1] and is conducted in a large number (hundreds to thousands) of subjects. [2] Such pivotal trials are also designed to discover and estimate the prevalence of common adverse events, but based on their size only have the statistical power to ...

  5. Clinical trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial

    Phase II-a is specifically designed to assess dosing requirements (how much drug should be given), [15] [47] while a Phase II-b trial is designed to determine efficacy (100–300 people), [1] assessing how well the drug works at the prescribed dose(s) to establish a therapeutic dose range and monitor for possible side effects. [47] Phase III

  6. Human challenge study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_challenge_study

    The intent of a challenge study is to fast-track the timeline for providing evidence of safety and efficacy of a therapeutic drug or vaccine, especially by compressing (to a few months) the usually lengthy duration of Phase II–III trials (typically, many years). [2] [3] [12] Following preliminary proof of safety and efficacy of a candidate ...

  7. Adaptive design (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_design_(medicine)

    Using a single standard arm for comparison for all candidates in the trial saves significant costs over individual Phase 3 trials. All data are shared across the industry. [ 32 ] As of January 2016 [update] I-SPY 2 is comparing 11 new treatments against 'standard therapy', and is estimated to complete in Sept 2017. [ 33 ]

  8. Vaccine trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_trial

    A vaccine trial is a clinical trial that aims at establishing the safety and efficacy of a vaccine prior to it being licensed. [1]A vaccine candidate drug is first identified through preclinical evaluations that could involve high throughput screening and selecting the proper antigen to invoke an immune response.

  9. Monitoring in clinical trials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoring_in_clinical_trials

    Clinical monitoring is the oversight and administrative efforts that monitor a participant's health and efficacy of the treatment during a clinical trial.Both independent and government-run grant-funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [1] and the World Health Organization (WHO), [2] require data and safety monitoring protocols for Phase I and II clinical trials ...