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Bacterial diseases; Bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae: Bacterial spot = bacteriosis Xanthomonas pruni = X. arboricola pv. pruni = X. campestris pv. pruni: Crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Phony disease = phony peach Xylella fastidiosa
Beech bark disease is a disease that causes mortality and defects in beech trees in the eastern United States, Canada and Europe. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In North America , the disease occurs after extensive bark invasion by Xylococculus betulae and the beech scale insect , Cryptococcus fagisuga . [ 4 ]
Peach leaf curl is a plant disease characterized by distortion and coloration of leaves and is caused by the fungus Taphrina deformans, [1] which infects peach, nectarine, and almond trees. T. deformans is found in the United States , Europe , Asia , Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . [ 2 ]
Girdling can also be caused by herbivorous mammals feeding on plant bark and by birds and insects, both of which can effectively girdle a tree by boring rows of adjacent holes. Orchardists use girdling as a cultural technique to yield larger fruit or to set fruit. [1] In viniculture (grape cultivation) the technique is also called cincturing.
Shot hole disease is a major concern of the stone fruit industry. It is estimated that 80% of the California almond crop may be infested with shot hole disease, resulting in a potential yield loss of 50-75%. [3] In the 1930s, it was found that applications of Bordeaux mixture reduces shot hole disease on peaches from 80% to 9%.
In the United States, $2.5 to 3 million dollars are lost because of peach leaf curl. Sixty to ninety percent of peach shoots in Italy can be infected by T. deformans. [14] Although peach leaf curl is mostly manageable with fungicide spraying in dry climates, [4] improper timing or incomplete coverage of the crop can result in control failure. [11]