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A third- or fourth-order acoustic crossover often has just a second-order electrical filter. This requires that speaker drivers be well behaved a considerable way from the nominal crossover frequency, and further that the high-frequency driver be able to survive a considerable input in a frequency range below its crossover point.
This is the biggest advantage of L-R crossovers compared to even-order Butterworth crossovers, whose summed output has a +3 dB peak around the crossover frequency. Since cascading two n th -order Butterworth filters will give a (2 n ) th -order Linkwitz–Riley filter, theoretically any (2 n ) th -order Linkwitz–Riley crossover can be designed.
The output power of the two carriers (M1 and M2) increases by about 1 dB in each frame, while the 3rd order intermodulation products (D3 and D4) grow by 3 dB in each frame. Higher-order intermodulation products (5th order, 7th order, 9th order) are visible at very high input power levels as the amplifier is driven past saturation.
An acoustic transmission line is the use of a long duct, which acts as an acoustic waveguide and is used to produce or transmit sound in an undistorted manner. Technically it is the acoustic analog of the electrical transmission line , typically conceived as a rigid-walled duct or tube, that is long and thin relative to the wavelength of sound ...
In electronics and signal processing, a Bessel filter is a type of analog linear filter with a maximally flat group delay (i.e., maximally linear phase response), which preserves the wave shape of filtered signals in the passband. [1] Bessel filters are often used in audio crossover systems.
The midwoofer-tweeter-midwoofer loudspeaker configuration (called MTM, for short) was a design arrangement from the late 1960s that suffered from serious lobing issues that prevented its popularity until it was perfected by Joseph D'Appolito as a way of correcting the inherent lobe tilting of a typical mid-tweeter (MT) configuration, at the crossover frequency, unless time-aligned. [1]
A simple example of a Butterworth filter is the third-order low-pass design shown in the figure on the right, with = 4/3 F, = 1 Ω, = 3/2 H, and = 1/2 H. [3] Taking the impedance of the capacitors to be / and the impedance of the inductors to be , where = + is the complex frequency, the circuit equations yield the transfer function for this device:
Higher-order CIC structures are obtained by cascading identical simple moving average filters, then rearranging the sections to place all integrators first (decimator) or combs first (interpolator). Such rearrangement is possible because both the combs, the integrators, and the entire structure are linear time-invariant (LTI) systems .