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To avoid installing the large SciPy package just to get an array object, this new package was separated and called NumPy. Support for Python 3 was added in 2011 with NumPy version 1.5.0. [15] In 2011, PyPy started development on an implementation of the NumPy API for PyPy. [16] As of 2023, it is not yet fully compatible with NumPy. [17]
Matplotlib (portmanteau of MATLAB, plot, and library [3]) is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy.It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK.
JAX is a machine learning framework for transforming numerical functions developed by Google with some contributions from Nvidia. [2] [3] [4] It is described as bringing together a modified version of autograd (automatic obtaining of the gradient function through differentiation of a function) and OpenXLA's XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra).
Recall from above that an n×n matrix exp(tA) amounts to a linear combination of the first n −1 powers of A by the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. For diagonalizable matrices, as illustrated above, e.g. in the 2×2 case, Sylvester's formula yields exp(tA) = B α exp(tα) + B β exp(tβ), where the B s are the Frobenius covariants of A.
Python supports most object oriented programming (OOP) techniques. It allows polymorphism, not only within a class hierarchy but also by duck typing. Any object can be used for any type, and it will work so long as it has the proper methods and attributes. And everything in Python is an object, including classes, functions, numbers and modules.
Let C be a category with finite products and a terminal object 1. A list object over an object A of C is: an object L A, a morphism o A : 1 → L A, and; a morphism s A : A × L A → L A; such that for any object B of C with maps b : 1 → B and t : A × B → B, there exists a unique f : L A → B such that the following diagram commutes:
The LSE function is often encountered when the usual arithmetic computations are performed on a logarithmic scale, as in log probability. [5]Similar to multiplication operations in linear-scale becoming simple additions in log-scale, an addition operation in linear-scale becomes the LSE in log-scale:
In the Go example, the Japanese ko rule is known to imply EXPTIME-completeness, but it is not known if the American or Chinese rules for the game are EXPTIME-complete (they could range from PSPACE to EXPSPACE). By contrast, generalized games that can last for a number of moves that is polynomial in the size of the board are often PSPACE ...