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The second disc replacement to achieve wide clinical use was the prodisc total disc replacement; it continues to have worldwide use today. Designed by French orthopedic spine surgeon Thiery Marnay, M.D., in the late 1980s, early implantations of the prodisc device began in 1990, with a 7-11 year follow-up published in 2005.
Degenerative disc disease; Other names: Degenerative disc disorder, intervertebral disc degeneration: Degenerated disc between C5 and C6 (vertebra at the top of the picture is C2), with osteophytes anteriorly (to the left) on the lower portion of the C5 and upper portion of the C6 vertebral body. Specialty: Orthopedics: Risk factors: Connective ...
1. a herniated disc when other non-surgical treatments have failed. The nucleus pulposus (the jelly-like center of the disc) of the herniated disc bulges out through the annulus (surrounding wall) and presses on the nerve root next to it. 2. degenerative disc disease (spondylosis). The disc consists of about 80% water.
It can be classified by the part of the spine affected into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar stenosis. [2] Lumbar stenosis is the most common, followed by cervical stenosis. [2] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and medical imaging. [4] Treatment may involve medications, bracing, or surgery. [6]
Forward displacement of a proximal vertebra in relation to its adjacent vertebra in association with an intact neural arch, and in the presence of degenerative changes, is known as degenerative spondylolisthesis, [9] [10] which narrows the spinal canal, and symptoms of spinal stenosis are common. Of these, neural claudication is most common.
The disc spaces, facet and sacroiliac joints remain unaffected. Diagnosis requires confluent ossification of at least four contiguous vertebral bodies. [ 2 ] Classically, advanced disease may have "melted candle wax" appearance along the spine on radiographic studies. [ 13 ]
Only 20% of patients need to proceed to surgery. [citation needed] Examples of surgical procedures that are used in TMD, some more commonly than others, include arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, meniscectomy, disc repositioning, condylotomy or joint replacement. Invasive surgical procedures in TMD may cause symptoms to worsen. [1]
Some authors favour degeneration of the intervertebral disc as the major cause of spinal disc herniation and cite trauma as a minor cause. [7] Disc degeneration occurs both in degenerative disc disease and aging. [8] With degeneration, the disc components – the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus – become exposed to altered loads ...