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Tangential speech or tangentiality is a communication disorder in which the train of thought of the speaker wanders and shows a lack of focus, never returning to the initial topic of the conversation. [1]
A thought disorder (TD) is a disturbance in cognition which affects language, thought and communication. [1] [2] Psychiatric and psychological glossaries in 2015 and 2017 identified thought disorders as encompassing poverty of ideas, paralogia (a reasoning disorder characterized by expression of illogical or delusional thoughts), word salad, and delusions—all disturbances of thought content ...
In psychiatry, derailment (aka loosening of association, asyndesis, asyndetic thinking, knight's move thinking, entgleisen, disorganised thinking [1]) categorises any speech comprising sequences of unrelated or barely related ideas; the topic often changes from one sentence to another. [2] [3] [1]
Cognitive slippage is considered a milder and sub-clinical presentation of formal thought disorder observed via unusual use of language. [1] It is often identified when a person attempts to make tangential connections between concepts that are not immediately understandable to listeners. [2]
Circumstantial speech, also referred to as circumstantiality, is the result of a so-called "non-linear thought pattern" and occurs when the focus of a conversation drifts, but often comes back to the point. [1] In circumstantiality, apparently unnecessary details and seemingly irrelevant remarks cause a delay in getting to the point. [2]
[4] [5] Thought disorders' symptoms like flight of ideas can induce pressured speech, with some degrees of circumstantiality or tangential speech. [6] It is also a direct or indirect symptom of anxiety disorders, [7] attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), [8] autism spectrum disorder, [9] and schizophrenia. [10]
Circumstantial thinking, or circumstantial speech, refers to a person being unable to answer a question without giving excessive, unnecessary detail. [15] This differs from tangential thinking, in that the person does eventually return to the original point, circling back on-topic.
Perseveration of thought indicates an inability to switch ideas or responses. [6] An example of perseveration is, during a conversation, if an issue has been fully explored and discussed to a point of resolution, it is not uncommon for something to trigger the reinvestigation of the matter. This can happen at any time during a conversation.