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Reflection seismology, more commonly referred to as "seismic reflection" or abbreviated to "seismic" within the hydrocarbon industry, is used by petroleum geologists and geophysicists to map and interpret potential petroleum reservoirs. The size and scale of seismic surveys has increased alongside the significant increases in computer power ...
In comparison to the typical seismic reflection survey, which is restricted to relatively small incidence angles due to the limited offsets between source and receiver, wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) data are acquired with long offsets, allowing the recording of both refracted and wide-angle reflection arrivals. [1] [2]
Depth conversion is an important step of the seismic reflection method, which converts the acoustic wave travel time to actual depth, based on the acoustic velocity of subsurface medium (sediments, rocks, water). Depth conversion integrates several sources of information about the subsurface velocity to derive a three-dimensional velocity model:
Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) are, on seismic reflection profiles, shallow seismic reflection events, characterized by their reflection geometry similar to seafloor bathymetry. [1]. They have, however, the opposite reflection polarity to the seabed reflection, [1] and frequently intersect the primary reflections. [2]
SEG-Y Files are stored in a hierarchical byte-stream format that combines both textual and binary data segments. The following chart shows the byte stream structure of revision 1 (2002), [5] with revision 2 (2017) only adding an optional data trailer for 1 or more 3200-byte records at the end: [6] [7]
The term Seismic stratigraphy was introduced in 1977 by Vail [2] as an integrated stratigraphic and sedimentologic technique to interpret seismic reflection data for stratigraphic correlation and to predict depositional environments and lithology. This technique was initially employed for petroleum exploration and subsequently evolved into ...
Modern seismic reflection surveys are designed and acquired in such a way that the same point on the subsurface is sampled multiple times, with each sample having a different source and receiver location. The seismic data is then carefully processed to preserve seismic amplitudes and accurately determine the spatial coordinates of each sample.
Seismic data is sorted by common midpoint and then corrected for normal moveout. In reflection seismology, normal moveout (NMO) describes the effect that the distance between a seismic source and a receiver (the offset) has on the arrival time of a reflection in the form of an increase of time with offset. [1]