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This is the list of Schedule I controlled substances in the United States as defined by the Controlled Substances Act. [1] The following findings are required for substances to be placed in this schedule: [2]
Midazolam 1 & 5 mg/mL injections (Canada). Benzodiazepines possess psycholeptic, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and amnesic actions, [4] [5] which are useful in a variety of indications such as alcohol dependence, seizures, anxiety disorders, panic, agitation, and insomnia.
Preoperational anxiety, or preoperative anxiety, is a common reaction experienced by patients who are admitted to a hospital for surgery. [1] It can be described as an unpleasant state of tension or uneasiness that results from a patient's doubts or fears before an operation.
The consensus is to reduce dosage gradually over several weeks, e.g. 4 or more weeks for diazepam doses over 30 mg/day, [1] with the rate determined by the person's ability to tolerate symptoms. [120] The recommended reduction rates range from 50% of the initial dose every week or so, [121] to 10–25% of the daily dose every 2 weeks. [120]
It is mainly an anti-anxiety agent with similar side effects to diazepam. In addition to being used to treat anxiety or panic states, bromazepam may be used as a premedicant prior to minor surgery. Bromazepam typically comes in doses of 3 mg and 6 mg tablets. [4] It was patented in 1961 by Roche and approved for medical use in 1974. [5]
Diazepam is a Schedule 4 substance under the Poisons Standard (June 2018). [138] A Schedule 4 drug is outlined in the Poisons Act 1964 as, "Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription". [138]
Delorazepam is mainly used as an anxiolytic because of its long elimination half-life; showing superiority over the short-acting drug lorazepam. [11] In comparison with the antidepressant drugs, paroxetine and imipramine, delorazepam was found to be more effective in the short-term but after 4 weeks the antidepressants showed superior anti-anxiety effects.
An initial dose is usually taken approximately one hour before the dental appointment. [1] Treatment may include additional dosing on the night proceeding the procedure, to mitigate anxiety-related insomnia. [1] The procedure is generally recognized as safe, with the effective dosages being below levels sufficient to impair breathing. [2]