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Soil compaction can occur naturally by the drying and wetting process called soil consolidation, [17] [9] or when external pressure is applied to the soil. The most relevant human-induced causes of soil compaction in agriculture are the use of heavy machineries, tillage practice itself, inappropriate choice of tillage systems, as well as ...
Acidic, sandy, or coarse soils often contain less calcium. Uneven soil moisture and overuse of fertilizers can also cause calcium deficiency. At times, even with sufficient calcium in the soil, it can be in an insoluble form and is then unusable by the plant or it could be attributed to a "transport protein". [2]
Mutualism and allelopathy are also thought to cause plant–soil feedback. Studies have shown that, on average, plant–soil feedback tends to be negative; [3] however, there have been many notable exceptions, such as many invasive species. [4] Negative plant–soil feedback is thought to be an important factor in helping plants to coexist.
Plant nutrient deficiencies can be avoided or corrected using a variety of approaches including the consultation of experts on-site, the use of soil and plant-tissue testing services, the application of prescription-blend fertilizers, the application of fresh or well-decomposed organic matter, and the use of biological systems such as cover ...
Soil erosion is the denudation or wearing away of the upper layer of soil. It is a form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, and animals (including humans).
[58] [59] There is growing evidence that tillage erosion is a major soil erosion process in agricultural lands, surpassing water and wind erosion in many fields all around the world, especially on sloping and hilly lands [60] [61] [62] A signature spatial pattern of soil erosion shown in many water erosion handbooks and pamphlets, the eroded ...
A young cabbage plant exhibiting nitrogen deficiency. Nitrogen deficiency is a deficiency of nitrogen in plants. This can occur when organic matter with high carbon content, such as sawdust, is added to soil. [1] Soil organisms use any nitrogen available to break down carbon sources, making nitrogen unavailable to plants. [1]
Plant disease epidemiology is the study of disease in plant populations. Much like diseases of humans and other animals, plant diseases occur due to pathogens such as bacteria , viruses , fungi , oomycetes , nematodes , phytoplasmas , protozoa , and parasitic plants . [ 1 ]