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English: This is a diagram of a vacuum gas manifold with two Teflon taps per reaction line. One Teflon tap opens/closes the reaction line to an inert gas and the other Teflon tap opens/closes the reaction line to vacuum. Inert gas in; Inert gas out; Vacuum; Reaction line; Teflon tap to inert gas; Teflon tap to vacuum
Several types of valve connections for propane, butane, and LPG containers exist for transport and storage, sometimes with overlapping usage and applications, and there are major differences in usage between different countries. Even within a single country more than one type can be in use for a specific application.
English: This is a diagram of a vacuum gas manifold with three-way stopcocks. The stopcock opens/closes the reaction line to an inert gas and opens/closes the reaction line to vacuum. The stopcock opens/closes the reaction line to an inert gas and opens/closes the reaction line to vacuum.
One manifold is connected to a source of purified inert gas, while the other is connected to a vacuum pump. The inert-gas line is vented through an oil bubbler, while solvent vapors and gaseous reaction products are prevented from contaminating the vacuum pump by a liquid-nitrogen or dry-ice/acetone cold trap.
This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes. Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics.
VSA typically draws the gas through the separation process with a vacuum. For oxygen and nitrogen VSA systems, the vacuum is typically generated by a blower. Hybrid vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) systems also exist. VPSA systems apply pressurized gas to the separation process and also apply a vacuum to the purge gas.
In vacuum applications, a cold trap is a device that condenses all vapors except the permanent gases (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) into a liquid or solid. [ 2 ] [ needs update ] The most common objective is to prevent vapors being evacuated from an experiment from entering a vacuum pump where they would condense and contaminate it.
Vacuum drying is the mass transfer operation in which the moisture present in a substance, usually a wet solid, is removed by means of creating a vacuum. In chemical processing industries like food processing , pharmacology, agriculture, and textiles, drying is an essential unit operation to remove moisture. [ 1 ]