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Urbanization was fastest in the Northeastern United States, which acquired an urban majority by 1880. [2] Some Northeastern U.S. states had already acquired an urban majority before then, including Massachusetts and Rhode Island (majority-urban by 1850), [4] [5] and New York (majority-urban since about 1870).
Sanitary conditions were bad throughout urban America in the 19th century. The worst conditions appeared in the largest cities, where the accumulation of human and horse waste built up on the city streets, where sewage systems were inadequate, and the water supply was of dubious quality. [ 91 ]
This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods. Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task. [1]
In the 19th century, over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. [92] The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves ), ideas, and communicable disease between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres ...
Furthermore, in the 19th century, information began to circulate more freely. According to Herbet Klein, "after 1870 migration flows and economic conditions in America were closely related. Information on conditions of employment, in particular, was now readily available within a few weeks in the main European countries of emigration". [20]
Urbanization over the past 500 years [13] A global map illustrating the first onset and spread of urban centres around the world, based on. [14]From the development of the earliest cities in Indus valley civilization, Mesopotamia and Egypt until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the vast majority of the population who were engaged in subsistence agriculture in a rural context ...
Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, The City in History (1961). [5] Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).
Late 19th century broadside advertisement offering cheap farm land to immigrants; few went to Texas after 1860. Each group evinced a distinctive migration pattern in terms of the gender balance within the migratory pool, the permanence of their migration, their literacy rates, the balance between adults and children, and the like.