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The fourth step in the viral cycle is replication, which is defined by the rapid production of the viral genome. How a virus undergoes replication relies on the type of genetic material the virus possesses. Based on their genetic material, viruses will hijack the corresponding cellular machinery for said genetic material.
To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence.
A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", [1] is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There are many viroplasms in one infected cell, where they appear dense to electron microscopy. Very little is understood about the mechanism ...
In the lytic cycle, the viral DNA exists as a separate free floating molecule within the bacterial cell, and replicates separately from the host bacterial DNA, whereas in the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is integrated into the host genome. This is the key difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
Viral disease is the sum of the effects of viral replication on the host and the host's subsequent immune response against the virus. [3] Viruses are able to initiate infection, disperse throughout the body, and replicate due to specific virulence factors. [2] There are several factors that affect pathogenesis.
Viral entry is the earliest stage of infection in the viral life cycle, as the virus comes into contact with the host cell and introduces viral material into the cell. The major steps involved in viral entry are shown below. [1] Despite the variation among viruses, there are several shared generalities concerning viral entry. [2]
(A) The replication of virophages is supposed to occur entirely in the virus factory of its giant virus host, depending on the giant virus expression/replication complex. (B) The concept of satellite virus implicates that the virus initiates the expression and replication of its genome in the nucleus using the host cell machinery and then goes ...
The virulence of the virus may be changed, [5] or a virus could evolve to become adapted to a different host environment than that in which it is typically found. [5] Relatively few passages are necessary to produce a noticeable change in a virus; for instance, a virus can typically adapt to a new host within ten or so passages.