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The monad, the word and the idea, belongs to the Western philosophical tradition and has been used by various authors. [3] Leibniz, who was exceptionally well-read, could not have ignored this, but he did not use it himself until mid-1696 when he was sending for print his New System. [4]
The term monad was adopted from Greek philosophy by modern philosophers Giordano Bruno, Anne Conway, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , John Dee (The Hieroglyphic Monad), and others. The concept of the monad as a universal substance is also used by Theosophists as a synonym for the Sanskrit term " svabhavat "; the Mahatma Letters make frequent use of ...
German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz concluded that the world was composed of an infinite number of life units called monads (from the Greek monas, meaning "single"). Similar to living atoms, monads are all active and functioning. As there is naturally a hierarchy in nature, monads vary in degrees of intelligence. [7]
Leibniz claims that God's choice is caused not only by its being the most reasonable, but also by God's perfect goodness, a traditional claim about God which Leibniz accepted. [2] [b] As Leibniz says in §55, God's goodness causes him to produce the best world. Hence, the best possible world, or "greatest good" as Leibniz called it in this work ...
Leibniz himself sought to bridge the gap by introducing monads to explain the existence of immaterial, eternal souls. Leibniz's gap, however, applies to materialism and dualism alike. This brought late 19th century scientists to conclude that psychology must build on introspection ; thus introspectionism was born.
The term monad comes from the Greek feminine noun monas (nominative singular, μονάς), "one unit," where the ending -s in the nominative form resolves to the ending -d in declension. [ 2 ] Prominent early Christian gnostics like Valentinus taught that the Monad is the high source of the Pleroma , the region of light constituting "the ...
Thus Leibniz conceives of substance as plural: there is a plurality of singular substances, which he calls monads. Leibniz hence creates a concept of the individual as such, and attributes to it events. There is a universal necessity, which is universally applicable, and a singular necessity, which applies to each singular substance, or event.
Monad (functional programming), functional programming constructs that capture various notions of computation; Monad (homological algebra), a 3-term complex; Monad (nonstandard analysis), the set of points infinitesimally close to a given point; Monad shell, the code name for the PowerShell command line interface for Microsoft Windows