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A possible explanation for the mental symptoms of sub-clinical thyroid disease, might be found in the fact that the brain has among the highest expression of THR's [clarification needed], and that neurons are often more sensitive than other tissues to thyroid abnormalities, including sub-clinical hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.
Hypertelorism is an abnormally increased distance between two organs or bodily parts, usually referring to an increased distance between the orbits (eyes), or orbital hypertelorism. In this condition, the distance between the inner eye corners, as well as the distance between the pupils, is greater than normal.
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness , conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos). [1]
Surgery (thyroidectomy to remove the whole thyroid or a part of it) is not extensively used because most common forms of hyperthyroidism are quite effectively treated by the radioactive iodine method, and because there is a risk of also removing the parathyroid glands, and of cutting the recurrent laryngeal nerve, making swallowing difficult ...
Another function of the Adam's apple is related to the deepening of the voice. During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage grows together with the larynx. Consequently, the laryngeal prominence grows in size, mainly in men. Together, a larger soundboard is made up in phonation apparatus and, as a result, men get a deeper voice note. [5] [6]
TED causes inflammation and damage to the tissues around the eye and usually occurs in people with Graves' disease, an immune system disorder that results in overproduction of thyroid hormones.