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Inductive logic programming has adopted several different learning settings, the most common of which are learning from entailment and learning from interpretations. [16] In both cases, the input is provided in the form of background knowledge B, a logical theory (commonly in the form of clauses used in logic programming), as well as positive and negative examples, denoted + and respectively.
Inductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative (logic or functional) and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints.
Grammar induction (or grammatical inference) [1] is the process in machine learning of learning a formal grammar (usually as a collection of re-write rules or productions or alternatively as a finite-state machine or automaton of some kind) from a set of observations, thus constructing a model which accounts for the characteristics of the observed objects.
Here, the inductive bias is a logical formula that, together with the training data, logically entails the hypothesis generated by the learner. However, this strict formalism fails in many practical cases in which the inductive bias can only be given as a rough description (e.g., in the case of artificial neural networks), or not at all.
Inductive inference as developed by Ray Solomonoff; [5] [6] Algorithmic learning theory, from the work of E. Mark Gold; [7] Online machine learning, from the work of Nick Littlestone [citation needed]. While its primary goal is to understand learning abstractly, computational learning theory has led to the development of practical algorithms.
Decision Tree. Rule induction is an area of machine learning in which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations. The rules extracted may represent a full scientific model of the data, or merely represent local patterns in the data.
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