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Points in the polar coordinate system with pole O and polar axis L. In green, the point with radial coordinate 3 and angular coordinate 60 degrees or (3, 60°). In blue, the point (4, 210°). In mathematics, the polar coordinate system specifies a given point in a plane by using a distance and an angle as its two coordinates. These are
where a is the radius of the circle, (,) are the polar coordinates of a generic point on the circle, and (,) are the polar coordinates of the centre of the circle (i.e., r 0 is the distance from the origin to the centre of the circle, and φ is the anticlockwise angle from the positive x axis to the line connecting the origin to the centre of ...
A given blue circle and a given red circle intersect in two points. In order to obtain bipolar coordinates, a method is required to specify which point is the right one.. An isoptic arc is the locus of points X that sees points C, D under a given oriented angle of vectors i.e. = { | (,) = +}.
Any two polar circles of two triangles in an orthocentric system are orthogonal. [1]: p. 177 The polar circles of the triangles of a complete quadrilateral form a coaxal system. [1]: p. 179 The most important property of the polar circle is the triangle is self-polar; the polar of each side/point is the opposite side/point.
The Arctic Circle, at roughly 66.5° north, is the boundary of the Arctic waters and lands. The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles, and the northernmost of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth at about 66° 34' N. [1] Its southern counterpart is the Antarctic Circle.
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a z-coordinate with the same meaning as in Cartesian coordinates is added to the r and θ polar coordinates giving a triple (r, θ, z). [8] Spherical coordinates take this a step further by converting the pair of cylindrical coordinates (r, z) to polar coordinates (ρ, φ) giving a triple (ρ, θ, φ). [9]
Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...
Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical polar coordinates. The plane passing through the origin and perpendicular to the polar axis (where the polar angle is a right angle ) is called the reference plane (sometimes fundamental plane ).