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Prediction of volcanic activity. Prediction of volcanic activity, and volcanic eruption forecasting, is an interdisciplinary monitoring and research effort to predict the time and severity of a volcano's eruption. Of particular importance is the prediction of hazardous eruptions that could lead to catastrophic loss of life, property, and ...
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called volcanism. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and because most of Earth ...
Vulcanian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption named after the volcano Vulcano. [24] It was named so following Giuseppe Mercalli's observations of its 1888–1890 eruptions. [25] In Vulcanian eruptions, intermediate viscous magma within the volcano make it difficult for vesiculate gases to escape.
Lithospheric extension enables pre-existing melt (red) to rise. [1] The plate theory is a model of volcanism that attributes all volcanic activity on Earth, even that which appears superficially to be anomalous, to the operation of plate tectonics. According to the plate theory, the principal cause of volcanism is extension of the lithosphere.
A satellite photo of the Phlegraean Fields. The Phlegraean Fields (Italian: Campi Flegrei, Italian: [ˈkampi fleˈɡrɛːi]; Neapolitan: Campe Flegree) is a large caldera volcano west of Naples, Italy. [a] It is part of the Campanian volcanic arc, which includes Mount Vesuvius, about 9 km (6 miles) east of Naples. The Phlegraean Fields is ...
Cinder cone. A cinder cone (or scoria cone[1]) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. [2][3] The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent.
Puff model. The Puff model is a volcanic ash tracking model developed at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. It requires windfield data on a geographic grid covering the area over which ash may be dispersed. Representative ash particles are initiated at the volcano's location and then allowed to advect, diffuse, and settle within the atmosphere.
In statistics, a volcano plot is a type of scatter-plot that is used to quickly identify changes in large data sets composed of replicate data. [1][2] It plots significance versus fold-change on the y and x axes, respectively. These plots are increasingly common in omic experiments such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics where one often ...