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  2. Fact-checking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact-checking

    Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated. Internal fact-checking is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text ...

  3. Historical method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method

    Historical method is the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past. Secondary sources, primary sources and material evidence such as that derived from archaeology may all be drawn on, and the historian's skill lies in identifying these sources, evaluating their relative authority, and combining their testimony appropriately in order ...

  4. Fact–value distinction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact–value_distinction

    Fact–value distinction. The fact–value distinction is a fundamental epistemological distinction described between: [1] Statements of fact (positive or descriptive statements), which are based upon reason and observation, and examined via the empirical method. Statements of value (normative or prescriptive statements), which encompass ethics ...

  5. Science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science

    Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. [1] [2] Modern science is typically divided into two or three major branches: [3] the natural sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology), which study the physical world; and the behavioural sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology ...

  6. Positive and normative economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_and_normative...

    Positive economics is the study of the facts in economics and normative economics is the study of the values in economics. In the philosophy of economics, economics is often divided into positive and normative economics. Positive economics focuses on the description, quantification and explanation of economic phenomena; [1] normative economics ...

  7. Carper's fundamental ways of knowing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carper's_fundamental_ways...

    The typology identifies four fundamental "patterns of knowing": Empirical. Factual knowledge from science, or other external sources, that can be empirically verified. Personal. Knowledge and attitudes derived from personal self-understanding and empathy, including imagining one's self in the patient's position. Ethical.

  8. Hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis

    In its ancient usage, hypothesis referred to a summary of the plot of a classical drama. The English word hypothesis comes from the ancient Greek word ὑπόθεσις hypothesis whose literal or etymological sense is "putting or placing under" and hence in extended use has many other meanings including "supposition". [1][3][4][5] In Plato 's ...

  9. Stylized fact - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylized_fact

    Stylized fact. In social sciences, especially economics, a stylized fact is a simplified presentation of an empirical finding. [1] Stylized facts are broad tendencies that aim to summarize the data, offering essential truths while ignoring individual details. Stylized facts offer strong generalizations that are generally true for entire ...