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  2. Fizeau experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizeau_experiment

    Figure 1. Apparatus used in the Fizeau experiment. The Fizeau experiment was carried out by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1851 to measure the relative speeds of light in moving water. . Fizeau used a special interferometer arrangement to measure the effect of movement of a medium upon the speed of lig

  3. Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_and_Eulerian...

    The Eulerian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion that focuses on specific locations in the space through which the fluid flows as time passes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This can be visualized by sitting on the bank of a river and watching the water pass the fixed location.

  4. Laser Doppler velocimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Doppler_velocimetry

    Laser Doppler velocimetry, also known as laser Doppler anemometry, is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque, reflecting surfaces. The measurement with laser Doppler anemometry is absolute and linear with velocity ...

  5. Particle image velocimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry

    Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique used to study fluid flow patterns and velocities. PIV has found widespread applications in various fields of science and engineering, including aerodynamics, combustion, oceanography, and biofluids. The development of PIV can be traced back to the early 20th ...

  6. Flow measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_measurement

    Sonar flowmeters have the capacity of measuring the velocity of liquids or gases non-intrusively within the pipe and then leverage this velocity measurement into a flow rate by using the cross-sectional area of the pipe and the line pressure and temperature. The principle behind this flow measurement is the use of underwater acoustics.

  7. Laser accelerometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_accelerometer

    Under acceleration, the proof mass displacement relative to the concave mirror changes the intensity of reflected light. The change in intensity is measured by a single-frequency laser that matches the cavity's resonant frequency .The device can sense displacements under 1 femtometre (10 −15 m) and detect accelerations as low as 3.2 × 10-8 g ...

  8. 3M (MMM) Q4 2024 Earnings Call Transcript - AOL

    www.aol.com/3m-mmm-q4-2024-earnings-183012204.html

    The company generated free cash flow of $1.3 billion with conversion of 145%. During the quarter, we returned $1.1 billion to shareholders via dividends and share repurchases.

  9. Water tunnel (hydrodynamic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_tunnel_(hydrodynamic)

    A water tunnel is an experimental facility used for testing the hydrodynamic behavior of submerged bodies in flowing water. It functions similar to a recirculating wind tunnel , but uses water as the working fluid, and related phenomena are investigated, such as measuring the forces on scale models of submarines or lift and drag on hydrofoils .