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In digital wireless networks, the system spectral efficiency or area spectral efficiency is typically measured in (bit/s)/Hz per unit area, in (bit/s)/Hz per cell, or in (bit/s)/Hz per site. It is a measure of the quantity of users or services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency bandwidth in a defined geographic ...
Solar irradiance affects plant metabolism and animal behavior. [ 4 ] The study and measurement of solar irradiance have several important applications, including the prediction of energy generation from solar power plants , the heating and cooling loads of buildings, climate modeling and weather forecasting, passive daytime radiative cooling ...
Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000 Hz). [93] Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the nostrils, known as nose-leaves , which play a role in sound transmission.
[158] [159] Cooper's hawk does attack birds attracted to bird feeders with a fair amount of frequency. [160] [161] However, data from Indiana showed that birds using bird feeders were at no greater risk of attack than those in random transects, and the effect Cooper's can have on feeder birds may be at times exaggerated. [162]
Water restrictions are expected to expand on many states in the US west, farmers are already affected. In San Francisco a hydropower plant can stop work due to lack of water. [68] A study published in Nature Climate Change concluded that 2000–2021 was the driest 22-year period in southwestern North America since at least 800 CE. [69]