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This corresponds to a system spectrum efficiency of over 1 × 100 × 0.0017 = 0.17 (bit/s)/Hz per site, and 0.17/3 = 0.06 (bit/s)/Hz per cell or sector. The spectral efficiency can be improved by radio resource management techniques such as efficient fixed or dynamic channel allocation , power control , link adaptation and diversity schemes .
Solar irradiance affects plant metabolism and animal behavior. [ 4 ] The study and measurement of solar irradiance have several important applications, including the prediction of energy generation from solar power plants , the heating and cooling loads of buildings, climate modeling and weather forecasting, passive daytime radiative cooling ...
Thus, higher frequency photons have more energy. For example, a 10 20 Hz gamma ray photon has 10 19 times the energy of a 10 1 Hz extremely low frequency radio wave photon. The effects of EMR upon chemical compounds and biological organisms depend both upon the radiation's power and its frequency.
If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm −1. A ...
A pendulum with a period of 2.8 s and a frequency of 0.36 Hz. For cyclical phenomena such as oscillations, waves, or for examples of simple harmonic motion, the term frequency is defined as the number of cycles or repetitions per unit of time.
[6] [153] Early accounts underestimated the opportunistic nature of Cooper's hawks' hunting behavior and provided little insight into the actual effect the hawks have on their prey. [ 5 ] [ 62 ] The maximum hunting range was estimated at 5.3 km 2 (2.0 sq mi) in Michigan and 2 km 2 (0.77 sq mi) in Wyoming . [ 154 ]
Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000 Hz). [93] Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the nostrils, known as nose-leaves , which play a role in sound transmission.
The domestic cat's hearing is most acute in the range of 500 Hz to 32 kHz. [73] It can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies ranging from 55 Hz to 79 kHz, whereas humans can only detect frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. It can hear a range of 10.5 octaves, while humans and dogs can hear ranges of about 9 octaves.