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Numerous explanations have been put forward as reasons for Marcos to declare martial law in September 1972, some of which were presented by the Marcos administration as official justifications, and some of which were dissenting perspectives put forward by either the mainstream political opposition or by analysts studying the political economy of the decision.
It became well known for the series of rallies which it organized from 1971–72, especially the most massive one on September 21, 1972, hours before the imposition of martial law by the Marcos dictatorship. [1] The coalition was reconvened in 2005, and it continues to do advocacy work and lead the democratic movement in the Philippines today.
In a 1974 Presidential Decree, the barrio subdivisions were renamed barangays. [78] The Integrated National Police was formed in 1975, extending national control of policing to the local level. [46]: 46 Marcos continued to rule by decree without elections until 1978, when the Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) legislature was elected. [33]
According to the Philippine Movement for Press Freedom, 34 journalists were killed during the Marcos dictatorship. [28] In April 1973, student journalist and activist Liliosa Hilao was arrested, detained in Camp Crame, tortured, and killed by her military captors. [29] [30] She was the first political detainee killed during martial law. [31]
According to World Bank data, the Philippines' gross domestic product (GDP) quadrupled from $8 billion in 1972 to $32.45 billion in 1980, for an inflation-adjusted average growth rate of 6% per year. [40] Indeed, according to the U.S.-based Heritage Foundation, the Philippines enjoyed its best economic development since 1945 between 1972 and 1980.
A national referendum-plebiscite was held on October 16–17, 1976 in the Philippines in which the majority of the barangay voters approved the continuation of martial law and ratified the proposed amendments to the Constitution substituting the Regular Batasang Pambansa with the Interim Batasang Pambansa, pursuant to Presidential Decrees Nos. 991, 1031, and 1032.
A week before Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos declare martial law in September 1972, copies of the plan for its implementation were distributed to key officials within the Armed Forces. As a way of assuring that any whistleblowers could be easily identified, the copies of the plan were distributed with codeword titles taken from the ...
The idea of waging an armed resistance against the Marcos dictatorship was not new when the Light-A-Fire Movement was formed in 1978. By that time, an armed leftist resistance led by the New People's Army and a Muslim Separatist conflict led by the Moro National Liberation Front (and later the Moro Islamic Liberation Front) had been ongoing for years.