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For low-temperature soldering of heat-sensitive parts, and for soldering in the vicinity of already soldered joints without their remelting. Sn 43 Pb 43 Bi 14: 144: 163 [11] Pb: No: Bi14. Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point. Contains phases of tin and lead-bismuth. [13] Useful for step soldering. Sn 46 Pb 46 Bi 8: 120: 167 ...
An improperly soldered 'cold' joint, where the wire was not sufficiently heated Broken solder joints on a circuit board. The joint on the right, although unbroken, has separated from the board. Various problems may arise in the soldering process which lead to joints which are nonfunctional either immediately or after a period of use.
The defining characteristic of a wiped joint is that the soldering process involves mechanically working or 'wiping' the joint. [1] As well as heating solder and applying it to the joint, the solder is shaped into place manually, wiping it with a non-metallic tool to form a smooth-surfaced outer shape.
The subscripts 1 refer to the component, 2 and b refer to the board, and s refer to the solder joint. The shear stress (∆τ) is then calculated by dividing this calculated force by the effective solder joint area. Strain energy is computed using the shear strain range and shear stress from the following relationship:
The joint is then heated using a torch, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Solder-connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings.
A joint replacing mortar with elastomeric sealant will absorb the compressive forces without damage. [4] Concrete decking (most typically in sidewalks) can suffer similar horizontal issues, which is usually relieved by adding a wooden spacer between the slabs. The wooden expansion joint compresses as the concrete expands.
Steps with two anti-slip rubber strips and small nosings. Each step is composed of a tread and a riser. Some treads may include a nosing. Tread: The part of the stairway that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same specifications (thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "depth" is measured from the back of one tread to the back of the ...
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]