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In the treatment of organophosphate toxicity, cholinesterase reactivators such as Pralidoxime reactivate inhibited AChE at peripheral nicotinic receptors.Since AChE mediates effects on both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, cholinesterase reactivators are co-administered with muscarinic antagonists, primarily atropine.
Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase. [1] It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning [2] in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white solid.
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). [4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides , medications, and nerve agents . [ 4 ] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea , vomiting, small pupils , sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. [ 2 ]
Atropine is not an actual antidote for organophosphate poisoning. However, by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, atropine also serves as a treatment for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents , such as tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), and VX .
Obidoxime is a member of the oxime family used to treat organophosphate poisoning. Oximes are drugs known for their ability to reverse the binding of organophosphorus compounds to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). [1] AChE is an enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the synapse after it creates the required stimulation on the next nerve ...
The following antidotes can relieve poisoning obtained from triazofos. Pralidoxime, a treatment of choice pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM) can be used as a cholinesterase reactivator in cases of severe poisoning. [11] Less than 48 hours after poisoning, pralidoxime relieves the nicotinic and muscarinic effects.
Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), also called organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), is a neuropathy caused by killing of neurons in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, as a result of acute or chronic organophosphate poisoning.
Organophosphate poisoning is not common in the developed world. Most cases of terbufos poisoning occur in the developing world, where protection against pesticides is scarce, but compounds such as terbufos are widespread, uncontrolled by a government and readily available for farmers.