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Neutropenia is an abnormally low concentration of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. [4] Neutrophils make up the majority of circulating white blood cells and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteria , bacterial fragments and immunoglobulin -bound viruses in the blood . [ 5 ]
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow/right), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange/left) – scale bar is 5 μm (false color). The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
Lymphocytopenia is commonly caused by a recent infection, such as COVID-19. [3]Lymphocytopenia, but not idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia, is associated with corticosteroid use, infections with HIV and other viral, bacterial, and fungal agents, malnutrition, systemic lupus erythematosus, [4] severe stress, [5] intense or prolonged physical exercise (due to cortisol release), [6] rheumatoid ...
For over a century, laparotomy (open appendectomy) was the standard treatment for acute appendicitis. [89] This procedure consists of the removal of the infected appendix through a single large incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. [90] The incision in a laparotomy is usually 2 to 3 inches (51 to 76 mm) long.
The prevalence of the disease continues to increase, most dramatically in low- and middle-income nations. [18] Rates are similar in women and men, with diabetes being the seventh leading cause of death globally. [19] [20] The global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare is an estimated US$760 billion a year. [21]
Men are 25% more likely to develop stroke than women, [53] yet 60% of deaths from stroke occur in women. [233] Since women live longer, they are older on average when they have stroke and thus more often killed. [53] Some risk factors for stroke apply only to women. Primary among these are pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and the treatment thereof
Usually, no symptoms are seen in the disease's early stages, and symptoms that are specific enough to suggest pancreatic cancer typically do not develop until the disease has reached an advanced stage. [1] [2] By the time of diagnosis, pancreatic cancer has often spread to other parts of the body. [10] [12]
Currently, C-reactive protein is not recommended as a cardiovascular disease screening test for average-risk adults without symptoms. [58] The American Heart Association and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have defined risk groups as follows: [59] [26] Low Risk: less than 1.0 mg/L; Average risk: 1.0 to 3.0 mg/L; High risk: above ...