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With very low light capability, a few specific models of webcams are popular for solar, lunar, and planetary imaging. Mostly, these are manually focused cameras containing a CCD sensor instead of the more common CMOS. The lenses of these cameras are removed and then these are attached to telescopes to record images, videos, or both.
The device has a CCD or CMOS sensor that regularly takes short exposures of an area of sky near the object. After each image is captured, a computer measures the apparent motion of one or more stars within the imaged area and issues the appropriate corrections to the telescope's computerized mount.
2009 Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George E. Smith and Willard Boyle, 2009, photographed on a Nikon D80, which uses a CCD sensor. The basis for the CCD is the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure, [2] with MOS capacitors being the basic building blocks of a CCD, [1] [3] and a depleted MOS structure used as the photodetector in early CCD devices.
The instrument has two independent light paths: a UV and optical channel that uses a pair of charge-coupled devices (CCD) to record images from 200 to 1000 nm; and a near infrared detector array that covers the wavelength range from 800 to 1700 nm. The UV/optical channel has two CCDs, each 2048×4096 pixels, while the IR detector is 1024×1024. [2]
Cold camera photography is a technique used by astrophotographers to reduce the electronic noise that accumulates during long exposures with the electronic sensors in DSLRs and dedicated CMOS or CCD astro-cameras. Cooling is usually accomplished with a Peltier thermo-electric cooler.
Depending on the CCD sensor - lens combination used, few tens to hundreds of stars are captured with a single digital zenith image. The positions of imaged stars are measured by means of digital image processing algorithms, such as image moment analysis or point spread functions to fit the star images.
Although the most common medium format film, the 120 roll, is 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, and is most commonly shot square, the most common "medium-format" digital sensor sizes are approximately 48 mm × 36 mm (1.9 in × 1.4 in), which is roughly twice the size of a full-frame DSLR sensor format. Available CCD sensors include Phase One's P65+ digital ...
Monochrome astrophotography has gained its popularity as a method of combating the effects of modern light-pollution. The Bayer matrix in a traditional sensor will limit the available sensor area capable of collecting light from deep space objects to approximately 25%.