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Patients often exhibit diffuse swelling of the cerebral white matter and large subcortical cysts in the frontal and temporal lobes, with cysts developing on the tips of the temporal and subcortical areas. Other significant central nervous system symptoms include diffuse spongiform leukoencephalopathy and vacuolizing myelinopathy. In vacuolizing ...
Head CT showing periventricular white matter lesions. Leukoaraiosis is a particular abnormal change in appearance of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It is often seen in aged individuals, but sometimes in young adults. [1] [2] On MRI, leukoaraiosis changes appear as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in T2 FLAIR images.
The presence of incidental MRI findings in the CNS white matter: Ovoid and well-circumscribed homogeneous foci, with or without involvement of the corpus callosum; T2 hyperintensities larger than 3 mm in diameter, which fulfill at least 3 of the 4 Barkhof MRI criteria [7] for DIS; The CNS abnormalities are not consistent with a vascular condition
[1] [5] [6] Some consider that the abnormalities need to be shown to be reversible. [4] [5] If lumbar puncture is performed this may show increased protein levels but no white blood cells. [1] [3] [4] Computed tomography scanning may be performed in the first instance; this may show low density white matter areas in the posterior lobes. [4]
Demyelinating lesions begin with the appearance of some areas named NAWM (normal appearing white matter) which despite its name, is abnormal in several parameters. These areas show axonal transections and stressed oligodendrocytes (the cells responsible for maintaining the myelin), and randomly, they show clusters of activated microglia named ...
Binswanger's disease, also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, [1] is a form of small-vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter. [2] White matter atrophy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hypertension as well as old age. [3]
FLAIR hyperintensity measuring > 10 cm, often with significant subcortical white matter and/or sulcal involvement. One or more separate sites of involvement may be noted. ARIA-H microHemorrhage: ≤ 4 new incident microhemorrhages 5 to 9 new incident microhemorrhages 10 or more new incident microhemorrhages ARIA-H superficial siderosis ...
HDLS falls under the category of brain white matter diseases called leukoencephalopathies that are characterized by some degree of white matter dysfunction. HDLS has white matter lesions with abnormalities in myelin sheath around axons, where the causative influences are being continually explored based upon recent genetic findings. Studies by ...