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Systems theory is the transdisciplinary [1] study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or artificial.Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems.
A Symbolics 3640 Lisp machine: an early (1984) platform for expert systems. In artificial intelligence (AI), an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. [1]
The four functions of AGIL break into external and internal problems, and further into instrumental and consummatory problems. External problems include the use of natural resources and making decisions to achieve goals, whereas keeping the community integrated and maintaining the common values and practices over succeeding generations are considered internal problems.
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an Austrian biologist known as one of the founders of general systems theory (GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to biology, cybernetics and other fields.
Simple reflex agent Learning agent. A multi-agent system (MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. [1] Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. [2]
Walter Frederick Buckley (April 17, 1921 – January 27, 2006) was an American sociologist, and professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire.Buckley was among the first to apply concepts from general systems theory based on the work of Bertalanffy to sociology. [2]
Kenneth Ewart Boulding (/ ˈ b oʊ l d ɪ ŋ /; January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an English-born American economist, educator, peace activist, and interdisciplinary philosopher.
Gregory Bateson (9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.