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  2. Phonogram (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)

    A phonogram is a grapheme i.e. one or more written characters which represent a phoneme (speech sound), [1] rather than a bigger linguistic unit such as morphemes or words. [2] For example, "igh" is an English-language phonogram that represents the / aɪ / sound in "high".

  3. Phonemic orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_orthography

    In an ideal phonemic orthography, there would be a complete one-to-one correspondence between the graphemes (letters) and the phonemes of the language, and each phoneme would invariably be represented by its corresponding grapheme. So the spelling of a word would unambiguously and transparently indicate its pronunciation, and conversely, a ...

  4. Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-route_hypothesis_to...

    Because of this, the English language (low transparency) is considered less transparent than French (medium transparency) and Spanish (high transparency) which contain more consistent grapheme-phoneme mappings. This difference explains why it takes more time for children to learn to read English, due to its frequent irregular orthography ...

  5. Phonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics

    Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...

  6. Grapheme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme

    In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. [1] The word grapheme is derived from Ancient Greek gráphō ('write'), and the suffix -eme by analogy with phoneme and other emic units. The study of graphemes is called graphemics. The concept of graphemes is abstract and similar to the notion in computing of a ...

  7. International Phonetic Alphabet chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

  8. Synthetic phonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_phonics

    Synthetic phonics refers to a family of programmes which aim to teach reading and writing through the following methods: [2] Teaching students the correspondence between written letters and speech sounds (), known as “grapheme/phoneme correspondences” or “GPCs” or simply “letter-sounds”.

  9. English orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography

    English contains, depending on dialect, 24–27 consonant phonemes and 13–20 vowels. However, there are only 26 letters in the modern English alphabet, so there is not a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. Many sounds are spelled using different letters or multiple letters, and for those words whose pronunciation is ...