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Sakoku (鎖国 / 鎖國, "chained country") is the most common name for the isolationist foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which, during the Edo period (from 1603 to 1868), relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited, and almost all foreign nationals were banned from entering Japan, while common Japanese people were kept from leaving the ...
The Sakoku Edict (Sakoku-rei, 鎖国令) of 1635 was a Japanese decree intended to eliminate foreign influence, enforced by strict government rules and regulations to impose these ideas. It was the third of a series issued by Tokugawa Iemitsu , [ citation needed ] shōgun of Japan from 1623 to 1651.
Bakumatsu (幕末, ' End of the bakufu ') were the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended.Between 1853 and 1867, under foreign diplomatic and military pressure, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as sakoku and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji government.
Well, the most common terms I've seen to refer to this are sakoku-rei, Sakoku Edicts, kaikin, or "Seclusion Edicts", but on the other hand, all those terms refer to a grouping of edicts, a series of policies rather than a single one. If we can figure out the official Japanese name for the 1635 edict, we can translate that, or romanize it.
The term bunmei-kaika was used as a translation of "civilization" in Fukuzawa Yukichi's book An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (文明論之概略, Bunmei-ron no Gairyaku). Originally, only bunmei (文明) was translated as "civilization" in Japan. However, the word kaika (開化) is now also widely used to mean "civilization".
An 1861 image expressing the Jōi (攘夷, "Expel the Barbarians") sentiment. Sonnō jōi (尊 王 攘 夷, "revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians") was a yojijukugo (four-character compound) phrase used as the rallying cry and slogan of a political movement in Japan in the 1850s and 1860s, during the Bakumatsu period.
Rangaku (Kyūjitai: 蘭學, [a] English: Dutch learning), and by extension Yōgaku (Japanese: 洋学, "Western learning"), is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners ...
Chōkan (長寛) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name") after Ōhō and before Eiman. This period spanned the years from March 1163 through June 1165. [1] The reigning emperors were Nijō-tennō (二条天皇) and Emperor Rokujō-tennō (六条天皇).