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Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]
Common causes of hematuria include urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, viral illness, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise. [4] These causes are grouped into glomerular and non-glomerular causes, depending on the involvement of the glomerulus of the kidney. [1] But not all red urine is hematuria. [5]
The glomerular basement membrane is a tissue in the kidney that filters the blood. An abnormal glomerular basement membrane may allow red blood cells into the urinary space. Because kidney stones are so common in people with LPHS, crystals in the kidney tubules may also play a part in bleeding and pain. [4] Other speculations on cause include [5]
The blood pressure, kidney function, and the urinary protein excretion are usually normal. Mild proteinuria (less than 1.5 g/day) and hypertension are seen in a small minority of patients. Frank hematuria and loin pain should prompt a search for another cause, such as kidney stones or loin pain-hematuria syndrome.
IH can be presented with many urinary associated signs and symptoms mostly seen in children. [6] [7] They include: Urinary incontinence, pollakiuria, and nocturnal enuresis; Kidney stones and lithiasis; Urinary tract infection (UTI) Hematuria, sterile leukocyturia and discrete proteinuria; Dysuria and chronic abdominal pain
A number of important medical conditions are caused by stones: [citation needed] Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) Can cause hydronephrosis (swollen kidneys) and kidney failure; Can predispose to pyelonephritis (kidney infections) Can progress to urolithiasis; Urolithiasis (urinary bladder stones) Can progress to bladder outlet obstruction