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The SI unit of quantity of electric charge is the coulomb (symbol: C). The coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that passes through the cross section of an electrical conductor carrying one ampere for one second. [6] This unit was proposed in 1946 and ratified in 1948. [6] The lowercase symbol q is often used to denote a quantity of ...
An example of a scalar quantity is temperature: the temperature at a given point is a single number. Velocity, on the other hand, is a vector quantity. Other examples of scalar quantities are mass, charge, volume, time, speed, [2] pressure, and electric potential at a point inside a medium.
scalar Electrical conductivity: σ: Measure of a material's ability to conduct an electric current S/m L −3 M −1 T 3 I 2: scalar Electric potential: φ: Energy required to move a unit charge through an electric field from a reference point volt (V = J/C) L 2 M T −3 I −1: extensive, scalar Electrical resistance: R: Electric potential per ...
In classical electrostatics, the electrostatic field is a vector quantity expressed as the gradient of the electrostatic potential, which is a scalar quantity denoted by V or occasionally φ, [1] equal to the electric potential energy of any charged particle at any location (measured in joules) divided by the charge of that particle (measured ...
ρ is the free electric charge density (in units of C/m 3) J is the current density J = ρ v {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\rho \mathbf {v} } with v as the velocity of the charges. The equation would apply equally to masses (or other conserved quantities), where the word mass is substituted for the words electric charge above.
Here, k e is a constant, q 1 and q 2 are the quantities of each charge, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges. The force is along the straight line joining the two charges. If the charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them makes them repel; if they have different signs, the force between them makes them attract.
Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Experiment has shown charge to be a conserved quantity, that is, the net charge within an electrically isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system. [41]
For every scalar function of position and time λ(x, t), the potentials can be changed by a gauge transformation as ′ =, ′ = + without changing the electric and magnetic field. Two pairs of gauge transformed potentials ( φ , A ) and ( φ ′, A ′) are called gauge equivalent , and the freedom to select any pair of potentials in its gauge ...