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Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) is a common variety of large-diameter concrete pressure pipe used for transporting water and wastewater. PCCP is typical manufactured according to the American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard C304. [ 1 ]
Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe is a ductile iron pipe with cement lining on the inside surface, and is commonly used for water distribution. Cement-mortar lined ductile iron pipe is governed by standards set forth by DIPRA ( Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association ), and was first used in 1922 in Charleston, South Carolina .
Pipe may be made from concrete or ceramic, usually for low-pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage. Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or vitrified clay. Reinforced concrete can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction, and is often used in ...
The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in Philadelphia, [24] Boston, and Montreal in the 1800s. Built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the US during the 20th century. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood.
The energy consumed in manufacturing ductile iron pipe was 19.55 MJ per kg and volume of emissions released during manufacture was 1.430 kg CO 2 per kg, compared to 68.30 MJ per kg of energy and 4.860 kg CO 2 per kg emissions for PVC pipes, and 1.24 MJ per kg and 0.148 kg CO 2 per kg for concrete pipes of the same diameter. [32]
Vertical pipes, usually made of precast concrete, called manholes, connect the mains to the surface. Depending upon site application and use, these vertical pipes can be cylindrical, eccentric, or concentric. The manholes are used for access to the sewer pipes for inspection and maintenance, and as a means to vent sewer gases.